What are the top 10 iron ore producing nations?

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The Earth consists of various elements, of which 32.1% consists of iron. Most of the iron reserves are in the earth’s interior, but the iron ores prevalent on the surface, which are easily extractable have the most economic value. The prominence of iron can be traced back to when the planets were stars and bred iron, on the completion of the reaction chain for generating energy by nuclear fusion. Iron is thus the ash produced eventually by fusing hydrogen with helium, lithium, and so on. Rarely occurring as the native metal, the element of iron is ranked fourth in abundance in the earth’s crust. It accounts for almost 95% of all metals used by modern industrial society. Hence, the relevance of the element and its source is apparent.

Iron ores are rocks or minerals from which metallic iron is extracted for economic purposes. These iron oxide-rich ores vary in color and texture ranging from dark grey, bright yellow, and deep purple to rusty red, depending on their composition. Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron, which is further used to make steel. Ninety-eight percent of the mined iron ore is used for the production of steel. The iron itself is found in the form of Magnetite, Hematite, Goethite, Limonite, and Siderite. It is the first two forms that contain the highest iron content and are called ‘natural ore’ or ‘direct-shipping ore.’ This implies that they can be directly fed into the iron-making blast furnaces. The low-grade ores, on the other hand, need to be smelted, in order to remove the oxygen. This form of extractive metallurgy uses carbon as the reducing agent while expelling oxygen, to leave behind the elemental metal.

Virtually unknown on the surface of the earth, metallic iron is available as iron-nickel alloys from meteorites and a very rare form of deep mantle xenolith rock fragments. The vast majority is bound in silicate or carbonate minerals. Prior to the industrial revolution, most iron ores were obtained from bog ore or goethite, whereas prehistoric societies used laterite as a source of iron ore.

Another source of iron ore is the ‘banded iron formations’, which are by-and-large sedimentary rocks containing 15% iron composed of thinly bedded iron minerals and silica. These BIFs are also called taconites in North America. The direct-shipping iron ore deposits, composed typically of hematite are sourced from altered banded iron formations and sometimes igneous accumulations.

Major Ores:

Magnetite ore being highly economical owes to the crystallinity of the ore, the grade of iron with the BIF host rock, and the level of contaminants in the concentrate. Magnetite gets its name because it has the rare property of being magnetic. Currently, magnetite iron ore is mined in the US, Eastern Canada, and Northern Sweden. Also, magnetite-bearing BIF is mined extensively in Brazil and Australia. It is one of the richest iron ore.

Hematite iron ores are prevalent across all continents, except Antarctica, with large concentrations in South America, Australia, and Asia. Being the most common iron ore, it is the main ore for present iron smelting.

Limonite. Easy to find iron minerals in nature, is some mixture of iron oxides and hydroxides, including goethite. Also called ‘natural rust’, it comes in many variants and is formed primarily from the weathering of more primary iron ores like hematite and magnetite and also from the oxidation and hydration of iron-rich sulfide minerals.

A not well-defined substance, bog iron is often only available in regions without mountains. This includes large parts of the Netherlands and Hungary. The formation of this type of iron ore happened first by the dissolving of oxygen-free water deep in the earth’s interior with the ore or by precipitating the dissolved iron as some kind of oxide, wherever oxygen was available.

Siderite is a well-defined iron ore that is relatively easy to smelt, but not as rich as other iron ores. One large reserve of this type of iron is found in Austria, which is extensively mined.

Iron ore production:

Australia: Southern Australia bears the title of the birthplace of the Australian iron ore and steel industry. The state accounts for the second-largest producer of iron ore. The regions of Western Australia and Southern Australia collectively produced 880 million tons of iron ore in 2017. The leading iron ore miners –Rio Tinto, BHP Billiton, and Fortescue Metals Group (FMG) invested in the infrastructure development to reach new levels of iron ore production of 1,000 million tons by 2020.

Brazil: The second largest producer of iron ore with a recorded production of 440 million tons in 2017, is also the world’s lowest-cost and largest exporting country. The Latin American country is home to the five biggest iron ore mines including Vale, the world’s largest iron ore mine.

China: With rapid economic growth, the demand for iron ore is becoming evidently strong. BIF type is the most prominent type of ore found in China, along the Northern platform. It recorded production of 340 million tons in 2017, with comparatively low iron content.

Below lying table depicts the top 10 countries with the highest iron ore production in 2017: